Personal Data Protection Ordinance

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The Personal Data (Protection) Ordinance (“PDPO”) is the main statutory instrument governing data protection in Hong Kong. It establishes data subject rights and specific obligations on the part of data controllers through six data protection principles.

Unlike some other jurisdictions, the PDPO does not contain any express provisions conferring extra-territorial application. Its territorial scope is determined by reference to whether a data user controls the collection, holding, processing or use of personal data in Hong Kong, rather than by considering where the data is located.

A data user must comply with the PDPO even when it transfers personal data outside Hong Kong. Specifically, it must ensure that the transfer is lawful and takes place under one of the authorised mechanisms. In addition, it must notify the data subject of the transfer and give them the requisite information. Moreover, it must put in place supplementary measures to bring the level of data protection in the transferred destination up to the standards set by the PDPO.

The definition of personal data under the PDPO includes information that is capable of identifying an individual, whether in isolation or in combination with other information. This is quite broad and covers a wide range of information, including name; identification number; location data; or factors that determine the physical, physiological, genetic, mental, economic, cultural or social identity of an individual. It does not include corporate or business information.

In most cases, a personal data user must comply with the PDPO if it collects and uses the personal data of a data subject in connection with a specified purpose. This purpose may be a matter of public interest or of significant social or commercial importance. It must also be clearly identified. In this regard, it is important that the data user consider whether it is necessary and proportionate to the purpose for which the personal data is collected.

As with most other jurisdictions, the PDPO imposes obligations on a data user to provide the data subject with certain information about how its personal data will be used, and in particular the purposes for which it is collected. This obligation is generally fulfilled by providing the data subject with a personal information collection statement. A data user must also disclose to the data subject any classes of persons to whom it may be transferred the personal data.